Leadership Theories Of The Nhs Leadership Essay - 1652 Words

This reflective essay is based on the personal SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis, to examine my leadership potential. It will define leadership within context of the NHS leadership as well as highlight some of the current incidents relate to poor leadership. Additionally, it will briefly discuss some of the relevant leadership theories that can be applied to nursing practice whilst exploring my own leadership style. Lastly, this essay will reflect the scenario from practice to support my â€Å"strengths† and â€Å"weakness† whilst developing a SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-Bound) goal plan to address one of my weakness and then the conclusion will be drawn summarising the key points within the essay. Leadership has been defined in a number of ways, but the concept is still indefinable (Barr and Dowding 2016). Buchanan and Huczynski (2010, p. 596) define leadership as â€Å"a process of influencing the activities of an organised group in its efforts towards goal-setting and goal achievement†. In clinical practice, leadership translates to an ability to direct other to achieve evidence-based practice that supports enhanced patient outcomes (Kelly-Hiedenthal 2004). Like any other industries and organisations, an effective leadership skill is vital in the healthcare sector to improve the standards of the care and to achieve organisational goals (Bach and Ellis 2015). Sullivan and Decker (2004) stated that nurses often step up to theShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Motivation Of The Newly Qualified Nurse1197 Words   |  5 Pagesnewly qualified nurse will be considering what they can do to pave the way toward the best care possible for patients. 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Furthermore, some of the current health issuesRead MoreThe Nhs ( National Health Service )1536 Words   |  7 Pageschange in the NHS. The NHS (National Health Service) establish in 1948 is the public health funded system in United Kingdom which provide the most high care in UK resident. Since being created, there is a constant transformation into leadership and management. For example Griffith’s report (1983) introduces general manager and central role for doctors. Cogwheel report establishes in 1967, is the first report introducing the role of clinician management and managing resource in NHS. Management wasRead MoreThe Role Of The Nurse Manager971 Words   |  4 Pages The role of the nurse manager is shifting away from an administrative one and becoming more hands on and as such; there will have to be a change in leadership style from task orientated to relationship orientated. Transformational leadership style emphasises relationship management. 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SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis will be conducted to identify my leadership potential, which will be included inRead MoreAn Early Definition Of Clinical Governance Essay1642 Words   |  7 Pages What is change An early definition of clinical governance is â€Å"a system through which NHS organisations are accountable for continually improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish† (Scally Donaldson, 1998). Clinical governance has been at the top of the NHS agenda for several years, it incorporates 6 main components which are: risk management, clinical audit, educationRead MoreDesigning Healthcare Services For The Care Of Frail Older People : How Collective Leadership Is Driving Quality And Efficiency3389 Words   |  14 Pagesfor the Care of Frail Older People: How Collective Leadership is Driving Quality and Efficiency for Older Persons Services in the NHS. Introduction The NHS is facing an unprecedented challenge of finding ways to manage an ever increasing aging population. This should be a cause for celebration as it reflects the many successes and advances in health and social care since the inception of the NHS. Indeed in many ways these facts represent the NHS achieving what it set out to do when it was firstRead MoreThe Importance Of Team Building And Patient Care Standards Essay1642 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing compassionate and working for patients in the healthcare environment (Mckeown, 2015). The key aspect discussed in the following essay is the importance of team building and how it is applied in making sure professional, National Health Service (NHS) and patient care standards are met. Tuckman’s (1965) hypothesis implied that all teams experience an ineffective stage primarily then going onto becoming a solitary independent unit. Teams are formed as a result of being given a problem or task (Tuckman

Stereotypes Of Wonder Women - 1989 Words

In what ways does Pattie Jenkins’ 2017 Wonder Woman eschew superhero stereotypes and present a strong female narrative? Although superhero movies have become some of the most popular and successful movie instalments of the 21st century most of these movies have been about men and focused on their trials and triumphs while also creating and perpetrating negative stereotypes of women. The female superhero movie falls into one of three categories: the victim, the tomboy and the bombshell. In the first category the victim constantly finds herself at the centre of trouble and requires the main man in the movie to swoop in and save her, she is a passive and weak character. The bombshell tends to be highly sexualised, wearing tight clothes and†¦show more content†¦The male characters in the movie support and help Diana but at no point do they overshadow her or make her rely on them. Steve Trevor is given his own storyline, important in its own right but never more important than Diana’s quest. Diana declares herself independent from the beginning of her journey, flirting with Steve but also p utting him in his place, ‘They came to the conclusion that men are essential for procreation, but when it comes to pleasure... unnecessary.’ Right from the beginning Diana is on her own journey, separate to that of the male characters, and she is able to rely on her own strength. 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People began to change and no longer were they practicing their queen ways. People were now becoming ignorant and began following the crowd instead of being themselves, setting them apart as just black women. Black women have been around for several centuries and in that time we were vigorously known as blackRead More Susan Glaspells Trifles Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesSusan Glaspells Trifles Susan Glaspells Trifles explores the classical male stereotype of women by declaring that women frequently worry about matters of little, or no importance. This stereotype makes the assumption that only males are concerned with important issues, issues that females would never discuss or confront. The characters spend the entirety of the play searching for clues to solve a murder case. Ironically, the female characters, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, uncover crucial evidenceRead MoreGender Roles In Trifles, By Susan Glaspell895 Words   |  4 Pagesby Susan Glaspell in 1916. 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In fact, she loved to give kisses and never once showed any signs of aggression which is how we came up with her name, Darling. She was so sweet

Gap in Supply and Demand

Question: Give a brief overview of ethical consumption and results of a short opinion survey. Answer: Introduction: In todays world, Consumerism matters largely. It is the mode of consumerism, which determines the progress of the business world. The globalization nowadays determines the behaviour of the consumers. Due to globalization, the countries are becoming more and more aware of the culture, customs, lifestyle and all other related aspects of each other. People are no longer confined to their own culture and conventional choices. The citizens of every country are acquiring knowledge about each others opinions, culture and thoughts, which are influencing them, consequently making them adapt easily each others modes of living life in terms of everything. However, it is a very good sign that consumers are now thinking about consuming ethically or rather making the act of consumption much more ethical. It is very important to become aware of the increasing damage that is done to the environment daily through various ways of consumption. The unlimited consumption of the ever-growing population of the world is creating pressure every now and then. Hence, ethical Consumerism is the only solution to this problem, in which the consumers consume the needed goods ethically; purchase such goods, which cause less damage to the environment (McDonagh et al. 2012). In this particular assignment, Unilever has been selected as the chosen organization. Unilever is one of the largest multinational companies based on UK. Dealing with more than four hundred brands, this organization has maintained its ethics, culture and beliefs. The ethical issues of Unilever has been discussed in detail. Moreover, this particular study has provided a detailed overview about the importance of ethical consumption. A brief overview of Ethical Consumption: Ethical Consumption refers to the method of modifying ones modes of purchasing items in such a way that they can help in contributing towards the preservation of the environment (Eagle et al. 2015). If the consumers are reducing their consumption of those items, which contain the non-biodegradable materials within them, or involves the intense usage of the non-renewable resources, then the conservation of resources is very much possible (Mudrack and Mason 2013). Food and beverages, some other fast moving consumer goods of daily consumption, banking and finance related activities and fashion constitute the range of products and services, regarding which both the consumers and producing firms should deal more ethically. The importance of ethical consumption: Ethical consumerism also denotes that kind of consumerism in which the consumer makes sure that he plays a vital role in reducing the exploitation of the children and women working in many hazardous factories, this can be done only by reducing the usage of those resources or the products (Djordjevic 2014). Through maintenance of ethics or ethics based consumption, the consumers can prevent the exploitation of the human, animal and natural resources. It not only means acting morally in the prevention of the natural resources, but also preservation of the human and animal resources, which are equally valuable (Sebastiani et al. 2013). For instance, if the consumption of non-vegetarian delicacies or the usage of animals in making different types of decorative pieces were reduced, then it would be possible to protect the reduction of the rate of exploitation of those species that are on the verge of extinction. In the crackers factories and in many other industries where children and wom en are subjected to hazardous activities, may lead to the dangerous accidents frequently. The decrease in the demand of such goods by the customers is the only means of saving the human exploitation (Buil et al.2013). An overview or outline of Unilever and its Ethical issues: Unilever has become the largest manufacturer in the packaged fast moving consumer goods in the entire world. Unilever is operating in all the countries of the world, touching everyday more than two billion lives. Almost all the well known brands such as Dove, Axe, Blue Band, Sunlight, Lux, Knorr, Lifebuoy and many others come under the portfolio of Unilever. Unilever through almost all its products promises to keep its consumers happy and make an impact on their lives (Grimmer and Bingham 2013). The organization has contributed largely in creating employment in nearly 150 countries throughout the world, where its brands are operating (Djordjevic 2014). The most important and praiseworthy fact about Unilever is highly concerned about the welfare of its employees, providing them with all the facilities, ensuring their safety during their work in the workplace; rewarding them on the basis of their performance; and above all assuring them with their job security. These are the basic things which the workforce of any firm usually demands and must demand (Benn et al. 2014). Unilever has very deftly segregated its brand portfolios. This division has proved highly advantageous for the company because it is now operating in the fields of healthcare, personal care, food and beverages. This segregation of the products has enabled Unilever to reach the customers and satisfy their diversified needs at the same time keeping in mind the purchasing potential of the consumers. The organization has always claimed to keep the manufacturing cost low, so that it becomes possible for Unilever to serve its customers in the best possible way; by providing them the products at reasonable prices. Unilever by launching products such as Dove and Lux beauty soaps, detergent soaps, deodorants, various food items and beverages, has proved itself in each segment of necessity, as these goods form the requirements of ones day to day life. According to the organization, the world today is in great need of conservation of its resources, which are depleting very rapidly due to the irrational usage and over exploitation of resources. The ever growing population of the world is consuming the resources of the earth immensely, which will lead to the extinction of the non renewable precious resources. Thus, Unilever claims that it takes a great care while producing and accessing the resources for the products, so that no damage is caused to the environment. Because when the earth is safe and the surroundings are healthy, the life on the earth will also remain healthy forever (Fogliasso and Farmer 2014). Unilevers business strategies enable its customers feel very special and pacify them to rely on the brands of Unilever. Dove and lifebuoy and other such well known brands of Unilever have turned to be the necessities of many consumers. Dove through its advertisement has often launched campaigns for healthy and beautiful skin, and Lifebuoy via its campaigns has tried to propagate the message of good health and safety. This is what makes Unilever one of the most reliable brands in the world (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2016). Unilever has also made it sure, that the advertisements it displays must match the thought process of the consumers. For instance, in the advertisement of Dove, the models who promote the brand are shown in a very realistic mode. Unlike the dazzling images of the models shown in the advertisements of other beauty products, Dove is using healthy and realistic body images to promote its product (Solomon et al. 2012).It does not lure its customers through extraneous information about the brand (Eagle 2015). It claims to tell the truth about the benefits of the product. Another example can be considered, that is of Surf Excel, which through its different attractive advertisements tries to convey the message to its consumers that children should not be derived of the fun of their age, their childhood is very valuable and thus they should be allowed to play and think freely (Pandey et al. 2012). Through their Dirt is good campaign, as displayed in the advertisement of Surf Excel, the brand attempts to tell the truth that playing and getting dirty is a positive sign of growth for the children. This is how Unilever and its specific brands operate and appeal directly to the thought processes of the consumers, people can easily relate to what is shown via the advertisements. The manner in which the advertisement of Knorr is shown, very readily applies to the consumers. It is depicted in such a way that relates to the day-to-day activities and food habits of the people, seems to be very familiar with the life and habits of the customers (Korthals 2013). The quality of the products remains researched and formulated. This process is able to make a smooth process for the company to achieve its goals by satisfying the needs of the consumers (Carter 2013). It believes in gaining the trust of the people through the truthful and moralistic business practices. Besides being so ethical in its approach and service to its customers, Unilever has been also accused of some unethical business practices. Many consumers believe that it is unethical on its part to promote its product through such advertisements, which do not appeal to the customers, rather create a bad image of those specific brands in the minds of the consumers (Murphy and Schlegelmilch 2013).The advertisements the customers have considered promoting Axe as going against the ethics. Although Unilever says that the advertisement shown through Axe is not to create a bad image, but only to introduce a smart brand for the youngsters, it is taken by most of the consumers in a wrong way. Results of a short opinion survey:(A primary Research) The reports received from a short survey of the consumer opinions regarding various products, conducted by a small group of students of GSM London, give a good idea about how the modes of consumption works. People interviewed have almost expressed the similar views. According to the consumer viewpoints, the buying behaviour of the buyer depends upon the factors that follow: 1. When the consumer is rest assured about the brand, on which it can rely upon undoubtedly, he gets inclined towards that brand.2. It depends on the culture, customs, surroundings, environment, and lifestyle of a particular buyer.3. It also depends upon the urgency or necessity of the products for the customers.4. The snobbishness of the consumers regarding various brands also determines the demand of the certain goods. This makes a consumer stick to a particular brand (Wilshaw et al. 2013).5. Moreover, in many cases the effect of acting ethically motivates the consumers and their attitude, which makes them buy only those brands that produce organically following the moral values (Orozco and Poonamallee 2014).This short opinion survey conducted by the students comes under the criteria of primary research, since it informs about basic views of the consumers which are the fundamental aspects that ultimately determine the ethics of an organisation as well as their success in satisfying the needs of the buyers. Figure1: Factors affecting buying behaviour (Source: Arnold et al. 2012) Conclusion: The primary research undertaken very clearly gives knowledge about the behaviour of the consumers and their views on ethical consumption which is very important for creating the base for a sustainable society and environment. The secondary research, on the other hand depicts how an organisation has emphasizes upon the ethical issues and the behaviour of the customers, and produces the goods and manages them accordingly. This in turn also enables the firm to set forth an example for the other manufacturing concerns to produce and proceed accordingly. Hence, it is evident from all the above observations and discussion regarding Ethical consumerism, modes of consumer behaviour and ethical business practices to be followed, that Ethical Consumerism can only turn out to be successful if it is accompanied by the moral practices of the business organizations as well as those of the consumers. (Quarshie et al. 2015). Undoubtedly, the practice of ethics-based consumerism is the need of the hour in order to preserve the animal, human and natural resources via reduction of over exploitation and over consumption (McDonald 2014). Recommendations: As far as Unilever is concerned, it is quite clear that the organization, which is able to touch the lives of more than two billion consumers, truly remains concerned about the quality and impact of its products. The moral values and the truth based business practices have formed the basis strong foundation of the company in the global market (Muralidharan and Madhavi 2014.) The only aspects, which should be taken care of are as follows: 1. To make the people more and more assured regarding the benefits and ethics of its products. It must avoid the promotion of the products through such advertisements, which are unethical and do not appeal to the consumers and go against the moral values of life (Arnold et al. 2012).2. As it is seen in the case of Axe and other beauty products, Unilever should make amendments in the concept of those ads, so that it is able to earn the trust of the customers and prove itself a truly reliable brand.3. Moreover, it should also continue maintaining the ways of sustainable development and keep in consideration its claims while manufacturing the goods, as it can only help in establishing itself in the hearts of the people and in the business world (Parboteeah and Cullen 2013). References: Arnold, D.G., Beauchamp, T.L. and Bowie, N., 2012. Ethical theory and business. Pearson Higher Ed. Muralidharan, P. and Madhavi, C., 2014. Emerging Ethical Issues due to Technological Developments in an Era of Globalization. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(4), p.317. Murphy, P.E. and Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and corporate social irresponsibility: Introduction to a special topic section.Journal of Business Research, 66(10), pp.1807-1813 Korthals, M., 2013. Ethics of food production and consumption. Eagle, L., Dahl, S. and Low, D.R., 2015. Criticisms of Marketing. Marketing Ethics Society, p.29. Fogliasso, C.E. and Farmer, C., 2014. Rawls' A Theory Of Justice And Its Application To Modern Organizations. Ethics Critical Thinking Journal,2014(1). Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014. Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge McDonagh, P., Dobscha, S. and Prothero, A., 2012. Sustainable Consumption and Production. Transformative consumer research for personal and collective well-being, p.267. Buil, I., Martnez, E. and de Chernatony, L., 2013. The influence of brand equity on consumer responses.Journal of consumer marketing,30(1), pp.62-74. Carter, J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility: Ben Jerrys. Djordjevic, B., 2014. The Nature of Strategic Management.Archives of Business Research,2(4), p.38. Eagle, L., 2015. Introduction to Marketing Ethics.Marketing Ethics Society, p.1. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2016.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Grimmer, M. and Bingham, T., 2013. Company environmental performance and consumer purchase intentions.Journal of Business Research,66(10), pp.1945-1953. McDonald, G., 2014.Business Ethics: A Contemporary Approach. Cambridge University Press. Mudrack, P.E. and Mason, E.S., 2013. Ethical judgments: What do we know, where do we go?.Journal of Business Ethics,115(3), pp.575-597. Orozco, D. and Poonamallee, L., 2014. The role of ethics in the commercialization of Indigenous knowledge.Journal of business ethics,119(2), pp.275-286. Pandey, M.K., Tiwari, S. and Srivastava, S.K., 2012. Ethics of international business in global economy.International Journals of Marketing and Technology,2(8), pp.236-248. Parboteeah, K.P. and Cullen, J.B., 2013.Business ethics. Routledge. Quarshie, A.M., Salmi, A. and Leuschner, R., 2015. Sustainability and corporate social responsibility in supply chains: The state of research in supply chain management and business ethics journals.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. Sebastiani, R., Montagnini, F. and Dalli, D., 2013. Ethical consumption and new business models in the food industry. Evidence from the Eataly case.Journal of business ethics,114(3), pp.473-488. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J., 2012.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Waddock, S., 2014. Wisdom and responsible leadership: Aesthetic sensibility, moral imagination, and systems thinking. InAesthetics and business ethics(pp. 129-147). Springer Netherlands. Wilshaw, R., Unger, L., Quynh, C.D. and Thu, T.P., 2013. Labour Rights in Unilever's Supply Chain: From compliance to good practice. An Oxfam study of labour issues in Unilever's Viet Nam operations and supply chain.Oxfam Policy and Practice: Private Sector,10(1), pp.1-108.

Queen Ranavalona I an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Queen Ranavalona I Madagascar, the world's fourth largest Island situated in the Indian Ocean off Africa's southeast coast, is also called the Great Red Island because of the blood red color of its soil. It had many tribe kingdoms until the Merina monarchies united the Island before ultimately falling to European colonial rule. A very notable period in the Island's pre-colonial history is the reign of Queen Ranavalona I from 1826 to 1861. Need essay sample on "Queen Ranavalona I" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to make my assignment today? Specialists suggest: If You Think About Someone To Write Your Paper - Essaylab The Right Place! Buy Essay Online Cheap Pay Someone To Write My Paper Cheap Top Essay Writing Cheapest Essay Writing Company Birth and Kinship Queen Ranavalona I Rabodoandrianampoinimerina (Ramavo) was born sometime between 1782 and 1790 into the Island's Menabe tribe. She was the eldest daughter of Andrian-Tsla-Manjaka and Rabodo Andrian-Tampo from tribal factions occupying the eastern portion of Madagascar (Ranavalona I, Wikipedia, 2006, 1). Ascent to the Throne Ranavalona was married almost as a child to King Ramada I. The King arranged for the marriage in accordance with his the intent of his father, King Andrianampoinimerina, to unite the tribes of Madagascar. Not much is known of her youth as the Queen, known also as Ranavalo-Manyka I, but an account of her physical description when she was already an adult is provided by George MacDonald Fraser in his novel Flashman's Lady: She might have been anywhere between forty and fifty, rather round-faced, with a small straight nose, a fine brow, and a short, broad-lipped; her skin was jet black and plump - and then you met her eyes, and in a sudden chill rush of fear realized that all you had heard was true, and the horrors you'd seen needed no further explanation. They were small and bright and evil as a snake's, unblinking, with a depth of cruelty and malice that was terrifying. - George MacDonald Fraser (Flashman's Lady as cited in Ranavalona 1, Wikipedia 2006, 1-3). Ranavalona ascended to the throne with the death of her husband in 1828. The Queen, said to have been in cahoots with Protestant English Missionaries, supposedly killed Ramada I by poisoning him. Since Ramada left no descendants, The English Protestants who were then her friends helped Ranavalona secure the throne. (Worldwide Guide, 2005, 1). Reign as Queen (1828 - 1861) Soon after becoming Queen, Ranavalona was able to extend her rule to cover the entire Island. To eliminate threats to her throne, she had most of her family relatives assassinated. The few extant British and French accounts of her reign focused on stories of the Queen's cruelty against the Christians and British tirades against the re-establishing of inland slavery. On the other, Malagasy historians generally short of deifies Ranavalona's successful repulsion of British and French colonial schemes (Kamhi, 2002, 4). Commanding an army of about 20,000 men, Queen Ranavalona I's rule was in essence reactionary to the pro-Western reign of her husband Ramada I. She distrusted foreigners and their foreign cultures and traditions and worked to eliminate their presence in Madagascar. Her husband had earlier welcomed outside influence and modernized Madagascar along European lines. Ramada was able extend his Merina kingdom to almost the whole of the Island by wisely playing off the opposing interests of Britain and France. The King also encouraged the Protestant missionaries to set up churches and schools and to introduce the technology of the printing press to Madagascar (Precolonial Era, US Library, 5 & 6). Initially, she expelled foreigners from the Island, including French and English consuls who later tried to exact revenge by attempting to depose her. In turn, Ranavalona I lashed back at the Europeans left in the Islands. (Worldwide Guide, 2002, 1). Queen Ranavalona, however, did not completely sever ties with the Europeans even as many of them fled the Island. The oligarchy, which lorded over the land and commerce during her reign, permitted a few Europeans to deal with commodities such as rice and cattle and French traders enjoyed monopoly in the slave trade by providing remunerations to the Queen (Precolonial Era, US Library). Persecution of Christians Before the reign of King Ramada I, Christian missionaries had conducted unsuccessful sporadic efforts to set up Catholic missions in the Island. With the reign of Ramada I, the original exponent of European modernization and culture, the missionaries were able to penetrate the Malagasy population, built churches, opened schools, even developed a written form of their language and started out the translation of the Bible. (Madagascar, SIM, 6-7). When Ranavalona, who didn't believe in Christianity and was suspicious of the White Europeans, came to power she at once expelled the missionaries and persecuted the believers left behind. The Queen forbade the Christian religion, charging among others that its followers despise the Malagasy gods/idols, spend all the time praying, only affirm and would not swear, make women practice chastity and observe as sacred the Sabbath day. As the Bible was banned, churches closed, baptisms prohibited and suspected Christian converts arrested, some 1,600 faithful pleaded guilty to Ranavalona's charges in 1835. Those who refused to renounce Christianity were either persecuted or killed. There was a renewed anti-Christian persecution in 1849 when 19 believers from influential families were condemned to die by being thrown off a high cliff. (Christian Martyrs, 4,5 & 8). Queen Ranavalona I has been largely regarded as a cruel persecutor of Christians because her initial efforts including the expulsion of the Christian missionaries was unable to eradicate the foreign-introduced religion. Under her reign, the horrific methods of persecution included being repeatedly thrown from hilltops; being forcibly dressed in bloodied animal skins for hunting dogs to chase them; being yoked together and left to die in the jungles, and being boiled to death in a pit at a bottom of the hill from where pots of boiling water are tipped to fill the pit. (Ranavalona I, Wikipedia, 2006, 4). Under Ranavalona I, hundreds of Christians were killed. Upon her death in 1861, and with the ascension of a Christian, Ranavalona II, to the throne, the Christian population in Madagascar grew from 37,000 to a quarter of a million within the same year (Christian Martyrs, P 14). Implementation of Hasina With her ascension to power, the people of Madagascar had to pay hasina, a tribute given to the sovereign leader as token of their allegiance. During the yearly Queen's bath, everyone had to pay the hasina and as well, to put out all fires at night so that only Ranavalonas fire in the palace remained lit (The oral and the Visual, p. 6). Independence for Madagascar Both colonial Britain and France, which had axes to grind, tried to remove her from power but failed. France's Louis Philippe had Frenchmen leave the Tidtinque post. The last unsuccessful effort against Queen Ranavalona I was made by Captain Romain-Desfosses who was only able to bombard Tamatave. (Worldwide Guide, 2005, 1). Ranavalo-Manyka I staunchly and ably fought for her reign and Madagascar's independence. She led her army, earlier modernized under Ramada I's association with the British, to victory against the combined fleet of French and British navy ships. (Kamhi, Madagascar and Me, 2002). Comparing Ranavalona I Comparing Queen Ranavalona with the previous Merina rulersher husband King Ramada I and King Andrianampoinimerinatheir reigns were all characterized by political effectiveness that led to the further expansion of their kingdoms until virtually the whole of Madagascar was united. The army under each reign was organized and served the interests of the kingdom well. Central power was secure and even expanding; social order then was easy to maintain as the subjects or Malagasy people generally accepted or at least offered no serious resistance to the rulers. In terms of foreign alliances, King Ramada I proved to be more open-minded and accepting of outside influence, spiritual matters included. Beyond that, he had the diplomatic wisdom and skill to use foreign interests in Madagascar to further strengthen and expand his kingdom. Queen Ranavalona I, for her part, only engaged in foreign alliances restricted to the economic realm. She was definitely intolerant of foreign cultural and religious influences undermining the native traditions of her people. This is where perhaps her greatest strength lies that more than makes up for what Europeans deem as the bloodthirsty character of her rule. The courage and the principle to resist colonial cultural onslaught is what largely shaped Queen Ranavalona I's reign and to a measured extent, the history of Madagascar. There are now in the Island state conscious revisionist efforts to present the nationalist rationale behind the Queen's anti-Christian acts. But more telling is the pro- or anti- Western divide in Malagasy consciousness as illustrated by the fierce pro-French and nationalist positions of the 2001 presidential hopefuls. (Alison, Perceptions, 2002, P 29-31) Madagascar Under Her and Now By 1896, Madagascar had her last Malagasy monarch, Queen Ranavalona III exiled by the French after Britain traded her for Zanzibar. (Madagascar: Erotic Tombs, 24). The country became a French colony until its independence in October 1958. Madagascar today is a largely politically and economically mismanaged country, being one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world. Its economy is mainly subsistence agriculture although tourism is booming and the Island state has significant mineral deposits and exotic wildlife resources. Madagascar's politics of the present largely contrasts with that under Queen Ranavalona I. Half a century after its independence, the modern country has suffered several political crises and upheavals, including the November 2006 coup against President Marc Ranavalonana; whereas, Ranavalona I wielded strong political control such that she managed to thwart European colonial offensive against her crown. The culture of the Malagasy peoples today, however, can be said to be attributable to the early 19th policies imposed by Queen Ranavalona I. Despite over 50 years of Western Christian rule, approximately half practices traditional religions, exceeding the 40 percent figure of self-professed Christians. The observance of the rich and various traditions of funeral and conception rites, folklore, wood and stone carvings, publicly rendered traditional performing arts and traditional celebrations is widespread today in the land. (Madagascar, Culture, 8-9). Ranavalona I is also directly credited by revisionist historians for the preservation of traditional poetry forms. (Ranavalona I, Wikipedia, 5). Madagascar's population as of 2005 is estimated to be over 18 1/2 million, up from the 1993 census of over 12 million. (Madagascar, Wikipedia, 2006, Table). For the larger part of the 20th century, though, Madagascar has had stable population growth. The first systematic census undertaken by the colonizers showed a 2.2 million population in 1900; it then increased from 7.6 million in 1975 up to the current figures. Population increase is attributed to the increasingly youthful and healthy composition of the people. (Country Profile, Culture, 1-2). DNA tests have shown that majority of the population has mixed Malay and African stock (Madagascar, Wikipedia, Demographics). Recent scholarship points to the normal migration trend, more than the slave trade engaged in during and before Queen Ranavalona's reign, as responsible for the Magalasys African descent. As of 1988, the foreign population of Madagascar totaled to around 70,000 Comorans, French, Indians and Chinese. (Country Profile, Culture, 1-5). Conclusion Concededly, Queen Ranavalona I ruled Malagasy with bloody iron hands. Terrible persecution, particularly of Christians and foreigners, was a hallmark of her reign. How to spell out her contributions, however, is a matter of interpretation and of viewpoint. From the points of view of Christians, British and French, her rule was a terrible period in the Island's historyan era of persecution and setbacks for the missionaries or their colonial interests. For the nationalist and traditional Malagasy, on the other, Queen Ranavalona I was a true-blue Malagasy heroine who stood up to assert and protect native traditions and sovereignty against European onslaught and domination. As Ranavalona I perceived, the dangers of European domination, she, in her own, albeit cruel way, staged what would be the last truly Malagasy stance before the European colonization of the Great Red Island. References Christian Martyrs in Madagascar 1828 - 1861. Retrieved 16 Dec. 2006 from Suffering website: http://www.suffering.net/madagas.htm. Country's Profile: Madagascar. Retrieved 16 Dec. 2006. Head of State of Madagascar/Madagasikare. Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership. Updated July 5, 2005. Retrieved 16 Dec. 2006 Kamhi, Alison. Madagascar and Me. (Sept.-Oct. 2002). Stanford Magazine. Retrieved 16 Dec.